1D.以下是犹太人旧约正经的纲目(这是按照我在神学院中的笔记所编成的,读者由许多现代版的犹太人旧约圣经中也可找到。)请参考《圣经》(The Holy Scripture),《希伯来马所礼经卷》(According to the Massoretic Text)及《希伯来圣经》(Biblia Hebraica)[均为克达尔及葛尔(Rudolph Kittel,Paul Kahle)所编。]
布如斯(F.F.Bruce)在《经书与羊皮古卷》(The Books and Parchments H.Revell 1963出版)一书中说道:
“所以有人会问及旧约圣经中‘著作’部分,是否在主耶稣在世时已经完成,主要是因为公元70年耶路撒冷城被毁以后,有好些犹太人的拉比(教法师)讨论到希伯来正经有关‘著作’部分的问题。当圣城与圣殿即将被毁之际,有一位名叫犹迦南的拉比,他是札凯之子(Yocharan ben Zakkai),也是当时法利赛当中属西洛派(School of Hillel)中一位杰出的拉比。他获得罗马当局的许可,基于纯宗教的立场在犹太地约帕城及亚锁都城之间的吉伯尼(Jabneh)或称吉尼亚(Jamnia)城重组犹太教的高等议会。吉尼亚会议中所论及的事项,先以口传,后来则记录在拉比著作中。在他们的辩论中,他们曾考虑到箴言、传道书、雅歌、以斯帖记各书应否列入正经之内。反对这些经卷的理由各各不一,用以斯帖记为例,其中就未曾提及上帝之名;而传道书则似乎与当时的正统信仰格格不入。但经吉尼亚会议辩论的结果,终于确定所有的这些书卷都应属于圣书范围。”6/97
杨以德(Edward J.Young)在《无误之书》(The Infallible Word,Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co.出版)一书中,曾极恰当地引用罗列(H.H.Rowley)在《旧约圣经之成长》(The Growth of the Old Testament,London,1950,p.170)一书中的话说:
“我们的但以理书(Our Book of Daniel)共有十二章,在公元前第一世纪时又加添了第十三章,苏珊纳记(Susanna)。苏珊纳是巴比伦城中一个德高望重的犹太人妻子,家中常有犹太的长老及士师们来访。其中两位深为她的美色所惑,想勾引她。当她大声呼救时,这两位长老反诬告说,他们发现苏珊纳躺在一个青年人的怀中。于是她被领去受审,因为当时有两个假见证人作证,她被判有罪,宣布处死。正在这时,一位名叫但以理的年青人出来,打断了审判的程序,起来反问见证人。即把这两个人分开来审问,究竟是在花园那棵树下苏珊纳与她的爱人幽会,两个伪证人的答案各不相同。于是他们被处死,苏珊纳得以释放。
“贝尔与龙(Bel and the Dragon)是同时期加添的一卷伪经,成为‘我们的但以理书’的第十四章。其主要的目的乃在说明拜偶像是件愚蠢的事,实际上它包含了两个故事:
“在第一个故事里,居鲁士王(King of Cyrus)问但以理,他为什么不敬拜贝尔。贝尔每天吞噬许多只羊、面粉及油来彰显其神。于是但以理是晚将灰洒在祭礼的庙堂地上。翌日王率但以理去庙堂,看神象贝尔是否将所有的食物都食尽。但以理向王指出地上灰中衬出祭师们与他们眷属在桌子下面的脚印。于是祭师们全部被斩,庙堂亦被摧毁。
“龙的故事显然出自传说,与托必得记、朱丽记及苏珊纳记可同归为纯粹犹太人的小说类,并无宗教价值。
“希伯来三童之歌(The Song of the Three Hebrew Children),此书被列在公元前三世纪盛行的希腊七十士译本(Septuagint)及罗马时代通用的拉丁文通俗译本圣经(Latin Vulgate)中但以理三章23节之后,主要内容是借用诗篇一四八篇,又仿诗篇一三六篇以启应诗的方式写成,副歌中有三十二次重复同样的词句:‘向他歌唱、颂赞他的名直到永远。’
“玛拿西的祷告(The Prayer of Manasseh),是在马克比时期(Maccabean times)所作,约属公元前第二世纪,相传是犹太暴君玛拿西的祷告。很显然是根据历代志三十三章19节而来--‘他的祷告,与神怎样应允他……都写在何赛的书上。’由于此祷告在旧约中找不到,故文士就自行加添进去了!
还有一篇比较详细,懂英语的,可以读:
Answering the Documentary Hypothesis(https://carm.org/answering-documentary-hypothesis)
by Matt Slick
It is not my intention to attack the character of those who advocate the Documentary Hypothesis. But the Bible says in Rom. 1:18-21 that men suppress the truth of Gods word in their unrighteousness. This is what is happening here. They are suppressing the truth. They are devising elaborate methods to deny the inspiration and authenticity of the Bible, particularly the Pentateuch. Nevertheless, there are several issues worth examining when answering their claims.
1. Presuppositions:
By far, the majority of those holding to the JEDP theory presuppose that the miraculous cannot happen. Therefore, they must conclude beforehand that the Pentateuch is not inspired, and Moses could not have written it. They must find another explanation for the Mosaic authorship of the first five books of the Bible.
Such a presupposition does not allow a proper examination of the documents and will result in inaccurate conclusions.
2. The Critics are claiming a great deal.
The Pentateuch was written centuries ago in a different language, in a different culture, and a different land. The critics are claiming that "they are able to decide exactly what a writer could or could not say, and on this basis to determine what part of the document belongs or does not belong to him."1 In other words, the critics are basing their argument on their own ability to read a document that is 3000 years old, divide it up into word usage groups, and assert hidden divisions and separate authors. And not only this, but they are claiming they can do it on a consistent basis. This is hardly an exact science and is open to a wide range of error--depending upon the presuppositions and purposes of the critic.
3. Writing Styles change within Writers
What writer writes with a consistent style? Yes, there are styles to writers, but the subject matter affects the content. A technical work is different from a narrative or historical piece. The Pentateuch has components of all of these. Therefore, different styles are expected.
Additionally, what the writer has in mind can easily cause him to use a different concentration of words. Should the intention change so would the word usage. Did Moses sit down at one sitting and write everything out? Of course not. Upon reflection, reading, prayer, etc., his focus and purpose within sections of Scripture can change as he moves to a new subject.
4. One writer can produce different analysis results
WordPerfect has a Grammar Analyzer for readability. I ran both the paper explaining the Documentary Hypothesis and this paper refuting it through the analyzer. The results are interesting.
We could conclude that though there are similarities, there must be two authors due to definite differences. After all, the first paper has both more complex sentences and more verb complexity than the second as well as being 13th-grade level. The funny thing is I wrote this in two sittings: One before church and the other after church on the same day.
5. A look at the actual analysis
In the back of Oswald T. Allis book, pages 291-293, is a breakdown of the JEDP analysis of the Pentateuch. I chose a small section dealing with Genesis 1-7 and supplied the verses (NASB version), so you can see for yourself if these divisions are warranted.
As you can see, the first seven chapters of Genesis are chopped up into bite-size pieces. In some places, sentences are cut in half and attributed to different sources. I cannot see any reason to divide the sections of scripture up the way they have.
6. Jesus attributed the 5 books to Moses
Whether or not a biblical critic wants to take Jesus word for anything is up to the individual. But no less a person than Jesus authenticated the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch. Jesus divided the Old Testament into three sections in Luke 24:44: Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms. Also, he attributed all the individual JEDP defined sections of the Pentateuch to Moses.
In Mark 10:4-8, Jesus quoted Gen. 2:24, which would be J--as coming from Moses. Mark 7:10, Jesus quoted the Ten Commandments, which fall into the E category--as coming from Moses. In Mark 10:3, Jesus refers to Deut. 24:1f, which would be D--as being from Moses. In Matt. 8:4, Jesus quoted Lev. 14, which would be equivalent to P--as coming from Moses.
This is a brief look at the Documentary Hypothesis. In my opinion, it is a fabrication based upon false presuppositions and inaccurate analysis. It contradicts what Jesus said, and it is an unreliable way to analyze a document that is thousands of years old.
• 1.Allis, Oswald T. The Five Books of Moses. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1949. p. 70.