Rock 曾經解釋什麼是「新」「舊」約。他說﹕「對猶太基督徒而言,約沒有〝新舊之分〞,而是〝過去被指導要學習〞的約與現在被更新被成全完整〞的約。 ……所以在摩西妥拉這些教導中,就是開始帶領以 色列人去了解並學習,直到他明白天父的心意,所以整個過程是連貫的,起初是摩西妥拉,最後成全的是耶穌登山寶訓,登山寶訓都在解釋妥拉與先知背後的核心與神的心意,神要他的子民型出這樣的生命,……所以猶太基督徒說自己是被成全的彌賽亞信徒……」[5]
舉一個例﹕一套四冊的《The History of Anti-Semitism》[46],是由俄籍猶太人Leon Poliakov 寫的。講到(1)自從耶穌時代到十八世紀,基督教教會怎樣排猶;(2)在西班牙,伊斯蘭教和基督教的互動,引至猶太人最後受迫害;(3)十八、十九世紀啟蒙時代歐洲各國,民主運動、科學革命等,導至知識份子對基督教和猶太人攻擊;(4)歐洲怎樣對猶太人萌生誤解,最終納粹分子蹂躪猶太人。
加爾文(John Calvin)的《基督教要義》(Institutes of the Christian Religion)可說是基督教(更正教)的神學基礎。請看《基督教要義》怎樣講﹕「福音最初是給猶太人的,雖然他們被棄為不配……這個國家不能完全失去從天上來的祝福……他們的特權不會被拿走……福音首先傳給他們……直到他們拒絕了……傳給外邦人……但是我們仍然不能鄙視他們。我們必須因為神對他們的應許,相信神仍在他們當中。」[53]加爾文是十六世紀的人,可見在大屠殺以前,基督教就不讚成代替神學。
《Our Father Abraham》作者表示,十字軍的目標本是為了從回教徒手中奪回耶路撒冷,可是同時,很多拒絕受浸的『異教徒』猶太人也因此被殺。[55]是的,十字軍是教會史上一件醜事、一筆爛帳,雖然迫害猶太人不是十字軍的目標,但這樣連累猶太人是大錯特錯,而且「天主教教會領袖們亦譴責」[56]。
《Our Father Abraham》作者又說,希特拉的納粹黨繼承了教會幾個世紀以來的排猶太態度,而展開對猶太人的大屠殺。「教會沒有做什麼來防止或抗議這樣的屠殺。」[57] 希特拉以基督教文獻為自己護航,不等於這是基督教所支持的。再者,直到今天,我們都看見很多教會和個別基督徒,當看見不公義事情,沒有勇氣為正義挺身而出,這是基督徒的虧欠。但仍有例外﹕
有一本書名字叫做《Christian Heroes of the Holocaust》,記載了很多個別基督徒和天主教徒在大屠殺時候援救猶太人的事。作者說﹕「雖然教會團體保持沉默,無形中幫助了撒但,但是很多個別人士——基督徒、天主教徒、東正教徒——冒一切的險,把猶太人從納粹分子的死刑場中營救出來。這些正義的外邦人中,有很多是天主教神父、修女和修士。」基督徒中也有,例如潘霍華(Dietrich Bonhoeffer)。[58]
即使以教會名義抗議納粹的似乎沒有,但另一本非基督教的書,叫《Righteous Gentiles of the Holocaust》講到當時有一些有正義感的人營救猶太人。作者在其中提到荷蘭基督教改革宗教會曾在納粹佔領期間聲言﹕納粹要毀滅猶太人,實在是攻擊選擇以色列人的神,想要殲滅上帝。[59]
[1] 彌賽亞中國人(Messianic Chinese),http://www.douban.com/group/topic/10968183/ 。[2] http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/archive?l=f&id=6 。[3] Restoration(弥赛亚教北京基础课程),http://www.douban.com/group/topic/28188754/ 。[4]彌賽亞猶太教(Messianic Judaism)是什麼?http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/jw!4SgAr62KAAQUdgmlwPw3eck-/ 。[5]新與舊-從猶太人的觀點來看〝新〞約與〝舊〞約的意義,http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=8786&prev=8803&next=8781&l=f&fid=6。[6] D. Thomas Lancaster, Restoration: Returning the Torah of God to the Disciples of Jesus (Littleton, CO: First Fruits of Zion, 2005), p. 33. [7] Lancaster, Restoration, p. 14. [8]希伯來書真的說前約被廢掉嗎?http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10033&prev=10035&next=9963&l=f&fid=6。[9] Lancaster, Restoration, p. 33.;新約聖經中因信稱義,〝信〞是什麼?http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=6878&prev=6883&next=6876&l=f&fid=6。[10] 例﹕啟示錄中的666是甚麼意思呢?又為何要在右手和額頭上做記號呢?http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10433&prev=10434&next=10431&l=f&fid=6。[11] 「UCMJ」常有問題。[12] 「UCMJ」信仰告白(http://www.ucmjs.com/Principles%20of%20Faith.htm)。[13] Yeshua: A Guide to the Real Jesus and the Original Church (Hagerstown, MD: EBED Publications, 1996), p. xx. [14] Lancaster, Restoration, p. 160. [15] Ibid., p. 14. [16] Ibid., p. 162. [17] Ibid., p. 147-49. [18] 引用自Lancaster, Restoration, p. 50. [19]要在站哪一邊?http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10130&prev=10132&next=10129&l=f&fid=6 。[20]同上。[21] D. Thomas Lancaster, King of the Jews: Resurrecting the Jewish Jesus (Littleton, CO: First Fruits of Zion, 2005), p. 71-73. [22] Lancaster, Restoration, p. 53. [23] Ibid., p. 160. [24] Lancaster, King of the Jews, p. xiv. [25] Ibid., Epilogue. [26]天國=樂園=天堂?談聖經的天國、樂園真正意思http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=9856&prev=9857&next=9855&l=f&fid=6 。[27] 例﹕Wisdom of TORAH 妥拉的智慧〈聖經的智慧〉4.贖罪祭 Sin Offerings ,http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10658&prev=10659&next=10654 。[28] Lancaster, Restoration, p. 31-32. [29] Ibid., p. 49-50. [30] http://www.chineseapologetics.net/books/Apo_1.htm 。[31] Lancaster, Restoration, p. 129. [32] Wisdom of TORAH 妥拉的智慧〈聖經的智慧〉1.火祭〈燔祭〉The Burnt Offering http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10648&prev=10652&next=10646&l=f&fid=6 。[33] Wisdom of TORAH 妥拉的智慧〈聖經的智慧〉5.補償祭 Offerings with Restitution http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10660&prev=-1&next=10659 。[34] Lancaster, Restoration, p. 90-92. [35] Ibid., p. 78. [36] Wisdom of TORAH 妥拉的智慧〈聖經的智慧〉1.安息日規定 Shabbat Regulations ,http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10638&prev=10639&next=10636&l=f&fid=6 。[37] Lancaster, Restoration, p. 132. [38] Ibid., p. 76. [39] Ibid., p. 131. [40] Wisdom of TORAH 妥拉的智慧〈聖經的智慧〉3.所有的司法裁決 Justice for All〈Exodus出埃及記 23〉http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10511&prev=10512&next=10509&l=f&fid=6 。[41] Wisdom of TORAH 妥拉的智慧〈聖經的智慧〉2.賠償的條例 Laws of Restitution〈Exodus出埃及記21:37-22:30〉,http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10509&prev=10511&next=10506&l=f&fid=6 。[42]負起天國的軛,生命的妥拉卷軸 - 八福http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10128&prev=10129&l=f&fid=6 。[43] Lancaster, Restoration, p. 13-26. [44] Ibid., p. 111. [45]中古時期的教會作為 - 獸的印記=十字架http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/bryan24sea/article?mid=10038&prev=10039&next=10037&l=f&fid=6 。[46] Leon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, Vol 1-4 (NY: Vanguard Press, Inc. etc.), Subtitles are: From the Time of Christ to the Court Jew; From Mohammed to the Marranos; From Voltaire to Wagner; Suicidal Europe, 1870-1933. [47] 例﹕Raphael Israeli, Muslim Anti-Semitism in Christian Europe: Elemental and Residual Anti-Semitism (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction);David Patterson, A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad (Cambridge University Press). [48] “Why Do People Hate The Jews?” (http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Why_Do_People_Hate_The_Jews.htm ) [49] Marvin R. Wilson, Our Father Abraham: Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), p. 83. [50] Wilson, Our Father Abraham, p. 83-84. [51] http://www.shema.com/Combating%20Replacement%20Theology/crt-004.php [52] 例﹕Lancaster, Restoration, p. 26. [53] John Calvin, trans by Henry Beveridge, Institutes of the Christian Religion (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1997), P. ii538. [54] Arno C. Gaebelein, “Fulfilled Prophecy a Potent Argument for the Bible,” in The Fundamentals (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Classics, 1990), foreword and p. 208. [55] Wilson, Our Father Abraham, p. 98-99. [56]Persecution of Jews in the First Crusade, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_in_the_First_Crusade 。[57] Wilson, Our Father Abraham, p. 99-101. [58] Joseph J. Carr, Christian Heroes of the Holocaust: The Righteous Gentiles (South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing, Inc., 1984), p. 6. [59] David P. Gushee, Righteous Gentiles of the Holocaust: Genocide and Moral Obligation, 2nd ed. (St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 2003), p. 165-66. [60] 例﹕Lancaster, Restoration, p. 18;Wilson, Our Father Abraham, p. 79-81.